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National human resource development
National human resource development (NHRD also known as human resources development) is the planned and coordinated process of enhancing human resources in one or more political states or geographic regions for economic and/or social purposes.〔Definition of NHRD is designed to be inclusive of multiple definitions drawn from both scholarship and its conceptualization by major actors involved in the formulation of NHRD policy and practice: Kim, N. (2012). Societal development through human resource developments: Contexts and key change agents. ''Advances in Developing Human Resources, 14''(3), 239-250. doi:10.1177/1523422312446054; McLean, G. N. (2004). National human resource development: What in the world is it? ''Human Resource Development Review, 5''(2), 176-201. doi:10.1177/1534484306287273; and United Nations General Assembly. (1995). ''Sustainable development and international economic cooperation: Human resource development'' (Report of the Secretary-General A/50/330). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm〕 NHRD has been recognized as a policy priority and undertaken as an activity by various divisions of the United Nations,〔United Nations General Assembly. (1995). ''Sustainable development and international economic cooperation: Human resource development'' (Report of the Secretary-General A/50/330). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm〕 national country governments (see list of NHRD efforts by country below), organizations involved in international development,.〔Lawrence, J. E. S., & Stevens, P. A. (1988). ''Human resources development in the Swaziland water supply sector'' (United States Agency for International Development WASH Field Report No. 238). Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABA088.pdf〕〔For example, in industrial and organizational psychology: Lawrence, J. E. S., Thompson, L. F., & Gloss, A. E. (2014). The emergence of National Human Resources Development and its connection to I-O psychology. ''The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 52'' (1), 81-88. Retrieved from http://www.siop.org/tip/july14/pdfs/hwp.pdf〕 Specific human resources targeted by NHRD policy or practice typically include personal characteristics like knowledge, skills, and learned abilities and aspects of physical and psychological wellbeing; examples of NHRD interventions include ensuring that general education curricula include knowledge critical to employability and wellbeing, assisting employers in implementing effective on-the-job training programs that promote both greater effectiveness and workplace empowerment, and working to benefit specific populations by, for example, aligning vocational education and training with maternal health services and nutritional support.〔〔Russ-Eft, D., Watkins, K. E., Marsick, V. J., Jacobs, R. L., & McLean, G. N. (2014). What do the next 25 years hold for HRD research in areas of our interest? ''Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25''(1), 5-27. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21180〕〔United Nations Development Programme. (2014). ''Barriers and opportunities at the base of the pyramid: The role of the private sector in inclusive development.'' Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/poverty-reduction/private_sector/barriers-and-the-opportunities-at-the-base-of-the-pyramid---the-/〕
==Terminology and related concepts==
The first country to refer to its integrated approach to human resource development as “national human resource development” was India in the mid-1980s.〔 Especially when a particular national context is implied, NHRD is often referred to as “human resource development” or “human resources development” (HRD). For example, South Africa has established a Human Resource Development Council (HRDC) which coordinates efforts from multiple governmental departments with the aim of stimulating “a culture of training and lifelong learning at individual, organisational and national levels...”.〔Human Resource Development Council of South Africa. (2012). ''Our aims and objectives.'' Retrieved from http://www.hrdcsa.org.za/content/our-aims-and-objectives〕
NHRD is sometimes thought of as a sub-topic of human resource development (HRD) which concerns the issues of training and development on a predominantly organizational level of analysis.〔See: McLean, G. N. (2004). National human resource development: What in the world is it? ''Human Resource Development Review, 5''(2), 176-201. doi:10.1177/1534484306287273〕 NHRD has been highlighted as distinct from HRD not just in terms of its level of analysis, but because it deals with social and intuitional issues often not considered by HRD practitioners (for example, maternal health and international policymaking) and because national governments, international development actors like the United Nations, and other civil society organizations both use the term and at times conceptualize NHRD separately from issues of either employee-related training or development.〔〔
Because of its interdisciplinary nature, NHRD carries with it influences from other fields that focus on issues of the development of human resources including training and development, human resource management, and industrial and organizational psychology. For example, industrial and organizational psychology has considered entrepreneurship skills〔Gielnik, M. M., & Frese, M. (2013). Applying I-O psychology to microbusiness and entrepreneurship in developing countries. In J. B. Olson-Buchanan, L. L. Koppes Bryan, & L. F. Thompson (Eds.), ''Using industrial-organizational psychology for the greater good: Helping those who help others'' (pp. 394-438). New York, NY: Routledge.〕 and the process of skills development in lower-income nations.〔 As an activity or process, HRD on a national or regional level relates closely to and sometimes overlaps with issues in workforce development and the development of human capital within broader economic development efforts; however, NHRD is arguably distinct from workforce/human-capital development because of its emphases on economic and non-economic considerations, dynamics, and outcomes.〔〔Anand, S., & Sen, A. K. (1994). ''Human development index: Methodology and measurement'' (United Nations Human Development Report Office Occasional Papers). Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-methodology-and-measurement〕〔McLean, G. N., Lynham, S. A., Azevedo, R. E., Lawrence, J. E. S., Nafukho, F. M. (2008). ''Human Resource Development Review, 7'' (2), 241-258. doi:10.1177/1534484308316486〕〔Wang, X., & McLean, G. N. (2007). The dilemma of defining international human resource development. ''Human Resource Development Review, 6''(1), 96-108. doi:10.1177/1534484306296305〕
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